AFRICA: Africa Embraces its Women

By Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Monrovia. Of the world's 1.3 billion poor people, nearly 70 per cent are women. According to reports by UN Women, women perform 66 per cent of the world's work and produce 50 per cent of the world's food, yet earn only 10 per cent of the world's income and own only one per cent of land.

The majority of women earn an average of three-fourths of the pay of males for the same work, outside of the agriculture sector, in both developing and developed countries. Women also work approximately twice the unpaid time that men do. Worldwide estimates suggest that the value of women's unpaid housework and community work is between 10-35 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP), a contribution not captured in national accounts.

A series of UN-sponsored international conferences have highlighted the need to promote more equity and equality for the world's women. There is also the UN resolution requiring a 30 per cent women's participation in all societies' endeavours as a means of compensating for women's historical and social disadvantages.

As a result of these concerted efforts, changes are taking place – in constitutions, statutes and policies at national, regional and international levels – aimed at altering the status quo to ensure that women are equivalent to men in terms of rights, responsibilities and opportunities. As the barriers fall, the number of women in the public sector continues to increase, as is the case for elected office. Women in politics and women in business executive positions continue to rank high as the world's most powerful and influential.

Women now hold 20 per cent of the seats in the world's parliaments. Rwanda, at 56 per cent, has the highest representation worldwide. There are currently 20 female Heads of State, the highest in history. Although disappointingly low, seven per cent of cabinet members are women.

Fortune Magazine's latest ranking of America's 500 largest corporations includes more women CEOs than ever before. Women lead 18 of those 500 companies including, within the last year, Hewlett-Packard and IBM. There are an additional 21 female CEOs in the Fortune 501-1000, some of them managing steel, oil and energy companies.

The data from emerging economies have shown that social and economic empowerment of women can yield huge development results. Thus, recent efforts worldwide have focused on the need to empower more women to participate fully in economic life across all sectors and throughout all levels of economic activity. This has led to programs and interventions aimed at promoting more women in the private sector and in ownership of business entities.

From June 2009 to March 2011, Women, Business and the Law recorded 461 legal and regulatory changes occurring in 39 economies that affected the indicators of women. Forty-one of these changes were aimed at achieving greater gender parity and reducing legal differentiation between men and women.

Results are beginning to show in many developing countries. Almost 40 per cent of entrepreneurs running small or medium-sized businesses are women; and in key sectors, such as textiles and agricultural commodities, the female share of employment could be as high as 80 per cent. Despite the progress, challenges do remain. In many places, women are prevented from achieving their full potential simply because they are women. It is more difficult for women to gain access to finance for their businesses.

On average, only 5-10 per cent of women-owned entities have access to commercial bank loans and only three per cent of venture capital investments globally.
Lack of access to land and inheritance rights limits women's access to credit. Moreover, in many developing countries, the lack of data generally, and disaggregated data in particular, constrains efforts to formulate policies and design appropriate interventions to expand the level of women in business.

Recognizing that improved economic opportunities for women lead to better outcomes for families, societies and countries, UN Women established a partnership with the UN Global Compact – the world's largest corporate citizenship initiative with more than 8,000 business participants and other stakeholders in more than 135 countries – to formulate the women empowerment principles. Under the theme Equality Means Business, seven indices were established to help the private sector focus on key elements integral to promoting gender equality in the workplace, marketplace and community.

According to UN data, in Africa women account for 70 per cent of the agriculture work force, producing the same percentage of the continent's food. They are responsible for 70-90 per cent of its marketing. In cross-border trading that expands the supply chain, these women travel, at great risks, across the continent to buy consumer goods for sale at home. They are the driving force that represents growth in small and medium-scale enterprises.

The mobile money banking system in Kenya, where women are the major users, is revolutionizing the way business is done in trading commodities across that country. Although there are countless women in women-run firms throughout sub-Saharan Africa, they are more likely to be informal, smaller and operate in lower value-added sectors than companies run by men. Several interventions have opened opportunities for women in business in Liberia. In 2008, Liberia became the first pilot project of the World Bank's Global Adolescent Girls Initiative. The Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) Project, which provides training in business development, has enabled 2,491 young women to keep their businesses open and their projects growing. The Goldman Sachs Foundation's 10,000 Women Global Initiative has trained over 250 more entrepreneurs in business management and leadership skills.

The Central Bank of Liberia's Credit Stimuli has provided loans to 24 women-owned businesses which, in turn, provided jobs to 2,917 persons. A facility extended to microfinance institutions, credit unions and village savings and loan associations has benefitted 34,759 women.

We need to continue to find means to make it easier for women entrepreneurs to grow their businesses by finding innovative ways for them to access credit. The key is to identify what policies really work to increase women's economic opportunities, and concentrate on them, as was done in Liberia and in Kenya.

We must encourage development, not through philanthropy, but through a concerted effort to provide a better education for girls and women – vocational education and skills training that will allow those who can not go to college to enter a vocation that allows for entrepreneurial and job opportunities.

We must also create equal opportunities for jobs, particularly access to the formal economy through banking and other financial services and we need to develop integrated frameworks in the private sector that will enhance and support opportunities for women.

Additionally governments must adopt strategic frameworks and where appropriate, quotas which provide preferences for women businesses and women enterprises.
The promotion of women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs and advance women's economic rights is enhanced through positive mentorship, education and partnering.
The author is President of Liberia.