WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 3/6;
Conflict Prevention: 2/6;
Disarmament: 0/6;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/6;
Participation: 2/6;
Peace Processes: 3/6;
Peacekeeping: 0/6;
Protection: 1/6;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 3/6;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 0/6;
Implementation: 1/6;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 2/6;
Human Rights: 3/6.
S/PV.7361: "Inclusivity is meaningless without women’s active participation in political institutions, peace negotiations and policymaking. Without women, we will only achieve unbalanced and unsustainable peace that ignores the needs of half the population. It is now nearly 15 years since the adoption of landmark resolution 1325 (2000), which for the first time recognised the unique impact that conflict has on women, as well as the significant contribution women can make to conflict prevention, resolution and peacebuilding."
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 1/1;
Conflict Prevention: 0/1;
Disarmament: 0/1;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/1;
Participation: 0/1;
Peace Processes: 0/1;
Peacekeeping: 0/1;
Protection: 1/1;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/1;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 1/1;
Implementation: 0/1;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 0/1;
Human Rights: 1/1.
S/PV.7374: "The protection of civilians by peacekeepers must address the needs of women and girls as well as men and boys."
The United Kingdom used its veto right 0 times out of 2 vetoed draft resolutions in 2015.
Peacebuilding and Participation:
Will promote the active participation of women such peacebuilding discussions through political and/or financial support. Will provide support, including lobbying, at the highest levels, to ensure that women’s voices are represented in wider peace processes, negotiations and State-building. Will also provide support at the local levels so as to build the capacity of women to participate effectively.
Security Sector:
Will ensure that all future relevant military doctrine is gender-sensitive. By November 2016, all United Kingdom troops deployed on overseas missions will receive training on women and peace and security and on preventing sexual violence.
Conflict Assessment:
Will ensure that by September 2016, all of its early warning and joint conflict analysis and assessment tools are fully gender-sensitive.
Sexual Violence in Conflict:
Will drive forward the preventing sexual violence in conflict initiative, by tackling impunity for sexual violence crimes, while ensuring widespread implementation of the international protocol on the documentation and investigation of sexual violence in conflict.
Protection:
Will encourage greater support for survivors, including children and men, and it will work with other Governments to deliver a more effective multilateral response. Will champion the road map to action to protect women and girls in emergencies and help secure positive outcomes for women and girls at the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016.
National Action Plans:
Will continue to provide technical and other support to help other Governments develop, implement and measure the impact of their own action plans on resolution 1325 (2000) and also help Iraq and Afghanistan implement their action plans.
Combating Violent Extremism:
Will ensure that overseas work to counter violent extremism includes upstream activity targeted specifically at women. Women will be at the centre of the delivery of programming of overseas extremism work, both nationally and locally.
Financial Commitments:
Will contribute $1 million of start-up funding to the Global Acceleration Instrument for Women, Peace and Security and Humanitarian Action to help address the global deficit in funding for the implementation of the resolution. Will provide additional funding of over $800,000, each year for two years, to support new research at the Centre for Women, Peace and Security at the London School of Economics, bringing total Government funding from the United Kingdom for the Centre to over $3 million.
Arms Transfer Revenue: $1,214,000,000
__________________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution: $22,500,000
The United Kingdom receives 46% due to the high difference between the Arms Transfer Revenue and UN Women Total Contribution.
Arms Transfer Revenue in 2014: $1,644,000,000
__________________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution in 2014: $24,700,000
The UK did not specify dedicated resources for Women, Peace and Security work (other than in the multilateral stream of the CSSF), on the grounds that it would discourage attempts to mainstream gender into all activities. Although the commitment to mainstreaming gender equality is laudable – and should continue – GAPS believes it should be complemented by allocating dedicated resources for Women, Peace and Security.
GAPS welcomes the UK’s commitment to provide $1 million USD start-up funding to the GAI, announced at the UN High-level Review;
The UK Aid Strategy released in November 2015, is somewhat light-touch on WPS issues, given the commitment to increase emphasis on fragile states and the
prioritisation of the needs of women and girls;
In Syria, the UK is providing support to a security and justice programme, which aims to empower security and justice providers in partnership with local stakeholders. Addressing the security needs of women is a priority, and the programme is working to increase the numbers of women in the Free Syrian Police.
The United Kingdom was ranked 28th.
International HR Documents:
"International Stadnards," OHCHR
Status of Ratifications:
"Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General: Status of Treaties," United Nations Treaty Collection
"Status of Ratifications: Interactive Dashboard," OHCHR
"ATT: Status of ratifications and accessions," amazonaws.com
Women from the United Kingdom are on duty in the following peacekeeping missions:
MINUSMA (0),
MONUSCO (0),
UNFICYP (15),
UNMISS (2).
Peacekeepers from the United Kingdom were involved in 0 out of 106 allegations against civilian, military, police and other peacekeeping personnel in 2015.
S/PV.7464: "That need for ever-greater transparency and accountability was also a prominent feature of yesterday’s peace operations review panel and, as was said then in relation to allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse, zero tolerance must mean zero tolerance. All troop-contributing countries must robustly follow up any such allegations involving their troops and report back to the United Nations."
Press statement SC/12010 on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and the Central African Republic was adopted by consensus.
Governmental support for women's civil society:
- Engagement in joint government/NGO efforts: Yes
- Funding provided by the government: Yes
The United Kingdom receives 85% because:
Even though the government is engaged in collabouration with women's civil society and provides financial support to women's organisations, the number of projects on the WPS Agenda in existence is low, and mass-surveillance - in accordance with national security and anti-terrorisim efforts - restricts civil society freedoms (i.e.: freedom of the press, freedom of public association).
Key women's organisation's (Women's Resource Centre) efforts in regard to gender issues include the following:
- Number of conferences: 20+;
- Number of publications: 10 (project reports);
- Social services provided: Support member women NGOs to be more effective and sustainable through training, and we lobby the government on their behalf on a range of women’s issues.
Types of social support provided:
Education: Yes
Anti-violence: Yes
Women's empowerment: Yes
Gender-related training: Yes
Political participation: Yes
Anti-human trafficking: Yes
Women's health: Yes
Lobbying and policymaking: Yes
Fundraising: Yes
Number of officially registered NGO charities by year:
2015: 165,290.
The Women's Resource Centre is the leading national umbrella body for women's charities, with over 500 members. The centre provides training, information, resources and one-to-one support on a range of organisational development issues while also lobbying decision makers on behalf of the women’s not-for-profit sector for improved representation and funding.
The UK's Department for International Development has committed 85.10% (£502.5m) in aid to governmental and civil society organisations/projects. Out of this amount, 6.83% (£34.3m) is committed to women's organisations and institutions.
The UK hosted the following high-level events in 2015:
- UN Women UK and Government Equalities Office Conference;
- Women, Gender and Political Leadership: One Day Workshop;
- "Women of the Future" Summit;
- Women's Engagement Roadshow;
- Girl Summit anniversary: one year on;
- Women in policing;
- Chicks with bricks: Championing women in the construction industry.
"Charity register statistics for previous years: Charity Commission," The Government of the UK
"UK Civil Society Almanac," NCVO
"Our work," The Women’s Resource Centre
"Development Tracker," Department for International Development
"UK Government support for civil society in 2015 and beyond," INTRAC
"UN Women UK and Government Equalities Office Conference," The Government of the UK
"Women, Gender and Political Leadership: One Day Workshop," Birkbeck, University of London
"Women of the future summit," The Government of the UK
"Secretary of State's speech at the Women's Engagement Roadshow," The Government of the UK
"Girl Summit anniversary: one year on," The Government of the UK
"Women in policing," The Government of the UK
"Championing women in the construction industry," The Government of the UK
Valasek, Kristin, Agneta M. Johannsen, Megan Bastick. "Gender and Security," UN Women
"Gender and Security Sector Reform: Examples from the Ground," DCAF
"Gender Training for the Security Sector: Lessons Idenified and Practical Resources," DCAF
"Policing Reform: Consequences for the Gender Agenda and the Female Police Workforce," Wendy Laverick and Liz Cain
"National Crime Agency," National Crime Agency
"Crime and policing in England, Wales and Northern Ireland," Police UK
The 2014 draft presents three principles and a four "outcomes" that match the main pillars of UNSCR 1325.
Principles:
Women’s participation is needed to make and build peace and prevent conflict breaking out;
Women and girls suffer specific forms of violence in conflict and emergencies;
In emergencies and conflict situations, women and girls have specific needs which need to be met.
Pillars:
Participation: Inclusion of women and girls' interests in decision-making processes related to the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts.
Protection: Women and girls' safety, physical and mental health and economic security are assured and their human rights upheld.
Prevention: Prevention of conflict and all forms of structural and physical violence against women and girls, including sexual and gender-based violence.
Relief and Recovery: Women’s and girls’ specific needs are met in conflict and post-conflict situations.
Action:
There are no activities in the draft 2014 draught NAP, but the UK commits itself to include them in the final draft by the end of 2014.
Timeframe:
UK's draft 2014 NAP is for the period 2014-2017, but does not provide specific timeframes for the outcomes it describes.
NAP Budget:
There is no estimated or allocated budget in the 2014 draft NAP. In fact, the UK NAP explains their decision to keep a budget out of the NAP in order to prevent a budget from confining them to implement women, peace and security to one area when they believe it should be integrated into every sector.
The UK NAP does mention its intent to allocate a budget for monitoring and evaluation.
Military Expenditure: $55,460,000,000
______
There is no estimated or allocated budget in the 2014 UK National Action Plan.
Military Expenditure in 2014: $59,183,000,000
______
There is no estimated or allocated budget in the 2014 draft NAP. In fact, the UK NAP explains their decision to keep a budget out of the NAP in order to prevent a budget from confining them to implement women, peace and security to one area when they believe it should be integrated into every sector.
The UK NAP does mention its intent to allocate a budget for monitoring and evaluation.
Women made up 23.45% of the Parliament.
Lower:22.8%;
Upper:24.1%.
23% of ministerial positions were held by women.ial positions.
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.29.
28.2% of law enforcement positions were held by women.
Senior-ranked female chief inspectors: 21.4%;
Constable-ranked female officers: 30.2%.
"Police workforce, England and Wales: 2015," The government of the UK
*Note: Police Service Statistical Strength resource assesses data from only England and Wales.
25% of judges in the United Kingdom were women.
Female: 817;
Male: 2,421.
Women's labour participation rate was 70%.
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.86.
Unemployment rate (percentage of female/male labour force):
Female: 70%;
Male: 8.2%.
Estimated earned income (PPP US$):
Female: 27,112;
Male: 40,000;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.68.
Legislators, senior officials, and managers (%):
Female: 35, Male: 65;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.55.
Professional and technical workers (%):
Female: 49, Male: 51;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.97.
Enrolment in primary education: 100%;
Enrolment in secondary education: 98%;
Enrolment in tertiary education: 69%.
The enrolment difference between males and females is provided below (The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends are considered a reflection of improving coverage at the specified level of education):
Literacy rate (%):
Female: 99;
Male: 99;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.
Enrolment in primary education:
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.
Enrolment in secondary education:
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.01.
Enrolment in tertiary education:
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.35.
While gender perspectives within the legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective, and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.
Unlike many other nations, the United Kingdom has no single constitutional document, and is instead the sum of laws and principles that make up the "unwritten" constitution of the United Kingdom.
The Constitution guarantees equal treatment based on gender, while additionally including provisions for potential positive action based on gender.
Presence of gender perspective in the UK Constitution:
- European Communities Act (1972);
- Human Rights Act (1998).
Presence of gender perspective in the UK Legal framework:
- Equal Pay Act (1970);
- Sex Discrimination Act (1975);
- Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations (2003);
- UK Equality Act 2006;
- UK Gender Equality Duty 2007;
- UK Equality Act 2007;
- The Maternity and Parental Leave etc. and the Paternity and Adoption Leave (Amendment) Regulations (2006);
- UK Equality Act 2010;
- UK Equality Strategy – Building a Fairer Britain (2006 –2016);
- UK Strategy “Think, Act, Report” (Gender Equality in the Workplace);
- Equal Pay Act (1970);
- Sex Discrimination Act (1975);
- Maternity Leave and Pay Regulations (1975);
- Paternity Leave and Pay Regulations (2003);
- Flexible Working Regulations (2003);
- Equality Act (2010);
- The UK Government has established a new Inter-Ministerial Group on Equalities to develop and oversee implementation of a strategy to deliver the Government's equality commitments (2011);
- Multi-agency statutory guidance on female genital mutilation (2016);
- Strategy to end violence against women and girls: 2016 to 2020.
"Does the constitution take at least one approach to gender equality?," World Policy Center
"Constitutional Provisions on Women's Equality," Library of Congress
Pascall, Stephan. "Gender equality policies and practices in the UK," Europlan
"Overview of Gender Equality Issues in United Kingdom," Gender Equality creates Democracy
"United Kingdom's Seventh Periodic Report," CEDAW
"2010 to 2015 government policy: violence against women and girls," The Government of the UK
"Strategy to end violence against women and girls: 2016 to 2020," Government of UK
"Multi-agency statutory guidance on female genital mutilation," Government of UK
"2010 to 2015 government policy: violence against women and girls," Government of UK
"Sex and Gender Legislation," Newman University
"Equality and Human Rights Commission," Equality and Human Rights Commission
While legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective, and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.
The government of the United Kingdom fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. In 2014, the government issued its first modern slavery strategy, reviewed and made recommendations to improve its victim identification mechanism, and launched a pilot programme to strengthen protections for child trafficking victims. The government prosecuted and convicted an increased number of traffickers, appointed an anti-slavery commissioner to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts, and passed the Modern Slavery Act in March 2015. While authorities continued to identify a large number of potential trafficking victims, the victim identification and referral system failed to assist many victims of trafficking, particularly children. Government funding for specialised services remained limited. Some victims were detained and prosecuted for crimes committed as a result of being subjected to trafficking.
While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective.
As part of the UK Government's Ending Gang and Youth Violence Programme, they provided £1.2 million over 3 years (from 2012 to 2015) for 13 young people’s advocates to support young people at risk of or suffering sexual violence and/or sexual exploitation, particularly by gangs.
The UK Government funded 87 independent sexual violence adviser posts (ISVAs) to work with victims of recent and historic serious sexual crimes to get the help they need.
"Government commitments," UN Women
"Rape and Sexual Offences: Chapter 2: Sexual Offences Act 2003 - Principal Offences, and Sexual Offences Act 1956 - Most commonly charged offences," The Crown Prosecution Service
"2010 to 2015 government policy: violence against women and girls," The Government of the UK
"Call to end violence against women and girls: strategic vision," The Government of the UK
While specialised services to support victims/survivors of human trafficking exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective.
Since 1921, the British Royal Legion provided practical support to serving men and women, veterans (ex-service of all ages) and their families.
Gerber, Megan R. et al. "Women Veterans and Intimate Partner Violence: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions," Journal of Women's Health
"Useful links for the service community," UK Ministry of Defense
"Veterans Welfare Service," The Government of the UK
"Armed forces compensation: what you need to know," UK Ministry of Defense
"The Legion Near You," The Royal British Legion
While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism is not fully effective.
England:
1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline.
Wales:
1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline.
Northern Ireland:
1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline.
Scotland:
1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline.
While specialised services to support victims/survivors of human trafficking exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective.
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 requires some commercial organisations to prepare annual statements outlining steps the organisation has taken to ensure human trafficking is not taking place in their supply chain. Northern Ireland’s anti-trafficking law criminalised the purchase of sexual services. The government did not report efforts to reduce the demand for forced labour. UK law allows authorities to prosecute citizens for sexual offences committed against children overseas, but the government did not report prosecuting or convicting any nationals engaged in child sex tourism abroad.The government did not provide anti-trafficking training or guidance for its diplomatic personnel. The government did not report providing anti-trafficking training to UK troops prior to deployment abroad as part of international peacekeeping missions in 2014.
"Human Trafficking: The Government’s Strategy," UK Government
"Trafficking in Persons Report: 2015," U.S. Department of State
"Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," UNCHR
"Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims, and Replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA," Official Journal of the European Union
While a wide range of services and resources are made available to refugees, asylum seekers, and IDPs, these services are usually provided by local service providers, therefore making these services and resources less available in some geographic locations.
Total population of refugees, stateless persons, IDPs, and asylum-seekers: 168,978.
The UK’s national laws are subject to the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Refugee Convention. Unlike the Human Rights Convention, the Refugee Convention has not been directly incorporated into UK domestic law, but its provisions influence the formulation of immigration rules, and practices contrary to the Convention are not permitted.
U.K. has proposed Immigration Bill 2015 to introduce new sanctions on undocumented immigrants and "incentivise" their departure. The bill criminalises immigrants without formal status by providing the possibility of jail time if they work illegally, and stiff penalties for those who employ the.
The report by the Joint Committee on Human Rights, published last month, said that the cases of many women and girls seeking sanctuary in the UK were being handled in ways that were "completely inappropriate and fundamentally wrong". It said women had been expected to describe stories of domestic or sexual violence in front of their children or to male interpreters and faced a "culture of disbelief". It also said that women had been left destitute and vulnerable to violence during the application process.
Women detained in the Yarl’s Wood immigration detention centre are routinely humiliated by male staff who monitor them while they are dressing, showering and using the toilet, or are naked in their rooms, according to Women for Refugee Women's report into the treatment of female asylum seekers reveals.
*** While the state meets all assessed criteria, the UK asylum system is strictly controlled and complex, which may impact rights and well-being of refugees and asylum seekers.
"UK," European Resettlement Network
"Refugee resettlement: the facts," Refugee Council
"UK Resettlement Handbook," European Resettlement Network
"Country Chapters: UK," UNHCR
"Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015," UNHCR
"Refugee Law and Policy: United Kingdom," Library of Congress
Waisman, Dylan. "Britain's harsh new immigration law turns refugees into criminals," National Observer
"Asylum Seekers in Europe May 2016," Refugee Council
Hooper, Simon. "Women fall through cracks in UK's asylum system," AlJazeera
Gentleman, Amelia. "Female detainees at Yarl’s Wood routinely humiliated, claims repo," Guardian
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 6/17;
Conflict Prevention: 4/17;
Disarmament: 1/17;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 1/17;
Participation: 4/17;
Peace Processes: 5 /17;
Peacekeeping: 1/17;
Protection: 5/17;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 4/17;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 4/17;
Implementation: 2/17;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 2/17;
Human Rights: 5/17.
S/PV.7533: "First, in arranging all future peacebuilding events hosted by the United Kingdom, we will identify women involved in the conflict and shine a torch on them to ensure that their voices are heard. We will promote the active participation of women in such peacebuilding discussions through political and/or financial support. We will also provide support, including lobbying, at the highest levels, to ensure that women’s voices are represented in wider peace processes, negotiations and State-building. We will also provide support at the local levels so as to build the capacity of women to participate effectively. Second, the United Kingdom will contribute $1 million of start-up funding to the Global Acceleration Instrument for Women, Peace and Security and Humanitarian Action to help address the global deficit in funding for the implementation of the resolution. We will also provide additional funding of over $800,000, each year for two years, to support new research at the Centre for Women, Peace and Security at the London School of Economics, bringing total Government funding from the United Kingdom for the Centre to over $3 million."