Scorecard of Russia 2012-01-01 00:00:00

Russia 2012
36.7

International Actions

19.6%
Security Council Actions

17.6%
Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in All Security Council Open Debates

Criteria100% of the statements made by a state during the Security Council open debates should include WPS-sensitive language.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia had 3 out of 17 Open Debates in 2012 where it made statements related to Women, Peace and Security.
Comment

WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 3/17;
Conflict Prevention: 3/17;
Disarmament: 0/17;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/17;
Participation: 2/17;
Peace Processes: 2/17;
Peacekeeping: 3/17;
Protection: 4/17;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 2/17;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 3/17;
Implementation: 1/17;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 3/17;
Human Rights: 2/17.

S/PV.6790: "What is particularly troubling is that the majority of them are children, women and the elderly — in other words, those considered to be the most vulnerable groups in the population."

MethodologyThe number of debates in which a state has used WPS-sensitive language at least once out of a total number of all Security Council open debates per year.

0.0%
Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Threats Caused by Terrorist Acts

Criteria100% of the statements made by a state during the Security Council thematic open debates should include WPS-sensitive language.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia had 0 out of 1 Open Debates on the threats caused by terrorist acts in 2012 where it made statements related to Women, Peace and Security.
MethodologyThe number of debates in which a state has used WPS-sensitive language at least once out of a total number of Security Council open debates on the threats caused by terrorist acts.

0.0%
Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Maintenance of International Peace and Security

Criteria100% of the statements made by a state during the Security Council thematic open debates should include WPS-sensitive language.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia had 0 out of 3 Open Debates on the maintenance of international peace and security in 2012 where it made statements related to Women, Peace and Security.
MethodologyThe number of debates in which a state has used WPS-sensitive language at least once out of a total number of Security Council open debates on the maintenance of international peace and security.

100.0%
Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Protection of Civilians

Criteria100% of the statements made by a state during the Security Council thematic open debates should include WPS-sensitive language.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia had 1 out of 1 Open Debates on the Protection of Civilians in 2012 where it made statements related to Women, Peace and Security.
Comment

WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 0/1;
Conflict Prevention: 0/1;
Disarmament: 0/1;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/1;
Participation: 0/1;
Peace Processes: 0/1;
Peacekeeping: 0/1;
Protection: 1/1;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/1;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 0/1;
Implementation: 0/1;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 0/1;
Human Rights: 0/1.

S/PV.6790: "What is particularly troubling is that the majority of them are children, women and the elderly — in other words, those considered to be the most vulnerable groups in the population."

MethodologyThe number of debates in which a state has used WPS-sensitive language at least once out of a total number of Security Council open debates on the protection of civilians.

0.0%
The Use of Veto

CriteriaA state should not apply its veto right.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

The Russian Federation used its veto right 2 times out of 2 vetoed draft resolutions in 2012 (One draft resolution has gender-sensitive language).

Comment

Draft resolution on Syria (S/2012/538): "Women must be fully represented in all aspects of the transition."

Draft resolution on Syria (S/2012/77) includes no gender-specific language.

Methodology100% - No veto right was used;
75% - A state uses its veto right in less than (or equals to) 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (no gender-sensitive language);
50% - A state uses its veto right in more than 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (no gender-sensitive language);
25% - A state uses its veto right in less than (or equals to) 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (with gender-sensitive language);
0% - A state uses its veto right in more than 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (with gender-sensitive language).

0.0%
Commitments Intended to Strengthen the Implementation of the WPS Agenda

CriteriaAll WILPF/PeaceWomen themes should be covered in the WPS commitments.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisIn its statements made at the 2012 Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security, Russia covered the following WILPF/PeaceWomen themes:
General Women, Peace and Security
Conflict Prevention
Disarmament
Participation
Peace Processes
Protection
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
Peacekeeping
Displacement and Humanitarian Response
Human Rights
Justice, Rule of Law and Security Sector Reform
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding
Implementation
Comment

In its statement at the October 2010 Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security, the Russian Federation did not announce any specific Women, Peae and Security commitments.

S/PV.6411: "The theme of women and peace and security should not be reduced to individual manifestations alone. Just such a balanced approach formed the basis for resolution 1325 (2000)."

S/PV.6411: "Our partners in the Council and the relevant agencies and mechanisms of the United Nations system should give greater attention to how to involve women in implementation by enhancing gender equality when establishing peacekeeping contingents and in other relevant issues in mission mandates."

MethodologyThe number of WILPF/PeaceWomen themes emphasised in a statement identifies the final percentage received by a state
Resources

"Call to Action on 2010 Commitments," WILPF/PeaceWomen

"Meeting Records," United Nations Security Council
 

0.0%
Women, Peace and Security Financing

0.0%
Balance Between UN Women Total Contribution and Arms Sales Revenue

CriteriaTotal contribution to UN Women should increase overtime while Arms Sales Revenue should decrease overtime.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Profit from Arms Transfer: $8,480,000,000
__________________________________________


UN Women Government Total Contribution: $0

The Russian Federation receives 0% due to the lack of financial support to UN Women.

Comment

Profit from Arms Transfer in 2011: $8,695,000,000

______________________________________

UN Women Government Total Contribution: $0

MethodologyA grade varies depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative consistency in spendings, ratio between the arms transfer revenue and the UN Women contribution, etc.):
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (90-100%);
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (79-89%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (68-78%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (57-67%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (46-56%);
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (35-45%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (24-34%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (13-23%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (0-12%).
Resources

"2012 UN Women Government Contributions Final," 2012, UN Women
"Importer/Exporter TIV Tables," SIPRI

67.2%
International Gender and Human Rights Indicators

73.3%
Ranking via Gender Inequality Index (GII)

CriteriaA state should be ranked first in the Gender Inequality Index (GII).
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia was ranked 51 among 188 participating countries in 2012.
Comment

HDI (Human Development Index):
The Russian Federation was ranked 55th.
The Russian Federation is included in the "High Human Development" category.

Methodology100% is received by a state that is ranked 1st; 0% is received by a state that is ranked last.

55.7%
Ranking via Global Gender Gap Index

CriteriaA state should be ranked first in the Gender Gap Index.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia was was ranked 59 among 132 participating countries in 2012.
Methodology100% is received by a state that is ranked 1st; 0% is received by a state that is ranked last.

72.7%
Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties

CriteriaA state ratifies all international human rights gender-sensitive treaties.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia has signed and possibly ratified the following International Human Rights Treaties in 2012:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights - signed
Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ratified
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - signed
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - ratified
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - signed
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - ratified
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages - signed
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages - ratified
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - signed
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women - signed
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women - ratified
Protocol to Prevent, Supress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, to The Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime - signed
Protocol to Prevent, Supress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, to The Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime - ratified
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others - signed
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others - ratified
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War - signed
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War - ratified
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) - signed
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) - ratified
Arms Trade Treaty - signed
Arms Trade Treaty - ratified
Methodology100% is received by a state that has signed and ratified all International Human Rights Treaties. Ratification of a treaty provides a state with a full point; a signature (without ratification) provides a state with half of a point.
11 - 99-100%;
10 - 90%;
9 - 81%;
8 - 72%;
7 - 63%;
6 - 54%;
5 - 45%;
4 - 36%;
3 - 27%;
2 - 18%;
1 - 9%;
0 - 0%

51.4%
Peacekeeping Operations

2.8%
Contribution of Troops, Police and Military Experts

CriteriaThere should be equal participation of women and men in peacekeeping.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia provided 3 women out of 212 peacekeepers in 2012.
Comment

Women from the Russian Federation are on duty in the following peacekeeping missions:

MINURSO (0),

MINUSTAH (1),

MONUSCO (0),

UNMIL (0),

UNMIT (2),

UNMISS (0),

UNOCI (0),

UNTSO (0).

MethodologyConsidering that there should be equal participation of men and women in peacekeeping, a state that ensures 50% of its personnel are females receives 100%. Otherwise, a state earns a score that depends on the percentage of female personnel contributed by a state on the basis of the expected ratio.
Data is provided by the United Nations (Department of Peacekeeping Operations).

100.0%
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) Allegedly Committed by Peacekeepers

CriteriaThere should be a "zero tolerance" policy with respect to sexual exploitation and abuse.
Note*: Information on SEA is gathered based on publicly available information. Official statistics are available starting from 2015.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Peacekeepers from the Russian Federation were involved in 0 out of 60 allegations against civilian, military, police, and other peacekeeping personnel in 2012.

Comment

The representatives of the Russian Federation made no statements at the meetings of the Security Council (or at any other official international meetings) on its position on the sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers.

MethodologyIn line with the UN "zero tolerance" policy, at least one allegation of sexual abuse provides a state with 0%.
states that have not been involved in the SEA allegations receives 100%.
National Actions

14.5%
Prevention

58.0%
Partnership Between Womens Civil Society Organisations and the Government

CriteriaThere should be a funded and governmentally-supported women's civil society landscape.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Governmental support for women's civil society:
- Engagement in joint government/NGO efforts: Yes
- Funding provided by the government: Yes

The Russian Federation receives 58% because:

Even though the government is engaged in collabouration with women's civil society, inadequate financial support to women's organisations is provided, there is no special WPS-focus in the work of women's civil society, the number of projects on the Women, Peace and Security agenda in existence is very low, strictly regulating national and international NGO funding (i.e.: labeling civil society organizations as "Foreign Agents" for accepting international funding), and questionably detaining activists and strictly regulating the efforts of rights-based organizations.

Comment

Socially-oriented NGOs: 108,000.

Key women's organisation's (ANNA) efforts in regard to gender issues include the following:
- Number of conferences: Unknown;
- Number of publications: 5+.

Types of social support provided:
Education: Yes
Anti-violence: Yes
Women's empowerment: Yes
Gender-related training: No
Political participation: No
Anti-human trafficking: No
Women's health: Yes
Lobbying and policymaking: Yes
Fundraising: No

The Russian Federation hosted the following high-level events in 2012:
- One-week training of trainers on gender-responsive budgeting for Commonwealth of Independent States.

**Note: The information about the high-level events has been collected using available media sources.

MethodologyWhen there is both financial support from the government and active collabouration between the government and civil society, a state receives from 80% to 100% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.);

When there is either only financial support from the government or only active collabouration between the government and civil society, a state receives from 60% to 79% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.);

When there is neither financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and where there are no restrictions applied on womens organisation, a state receives from 40% to 59% depending on circumstances (i.e.: kinds of services provided by civil society, etc.);

When there is neither both financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and when government provides services for women, a state receives from 20% to 39% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.);

When there is neither financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and when there are several restrictions on civil society, a state receives from 0% to 19% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.).

0.0%
Special Gender-Specific Training of Security and Law Enforcement Personnel

CriteriaSpecial gender-specific training for law enforcement and security sector should exist.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia implemented the following training standards in 2012:
Assessment of gender-sensitive training is present
Overall training objective is gender sensitive
Gender parity among trainers and trainees
Women's organisations or gender-related societal leaders are engaged to provide contextual perspective on gender within the security sector
Follow-up communication and gender-related knowledge dissemination methods are established
MethodologyThe criteria is determined in line with the UN Women guidelines (developed in partnership with the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the European Union).
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%

0.0%
National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 bases on WPS Themes

CriteriaA state has implemented a 1325 National Action Plan. All WILPF/PeaceWomen themes should be covered.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisThe UNSCR 1325 National Action Plan has not been developed by Russia until 2012.
Comment

There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in the Russian Federation.

MethodologyThe grade is determined on the basis of a number of WILPF/PeaceWomen themes that are emphasized in a 1325 National Action Plan (NAP). A NAP that emphasizes all WILPF/PeaceWomen themes receives 100%.

0.0%
Balance between the 1325 National Action Plan (NAP) Budget and Military Expenditure.

CriteriaThe 1325 National Action Plan budget should increase overtime while military expenditure should decrease overtime.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Military Expenditure: $81,469,000,000
_____

There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.

Comment

Military Expenditure in 2011: $70,238,000,000
_____

There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.

MethodologyA grade varies depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative consistency in spendings, ratio between the NAP budget and military expenditure, etc.):

NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure decreases (90-100%)
NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure does not change (79-89%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure decreases (68-78%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure does not change (57-67%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure decreases (46-56%)
NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure increases (35-45%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure does not change (24-34%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure increases (13-23%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure increases (1-12%)
No NAP/No NAP Budget (0%)
Resources

"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database," SIPRI
"Member States," WILPF/PeaceWomen

53.4%
Participation

18.3%
Percentage of Women's Participation in Parliament

CriteriaThere should be equal participation of women and men in Parliament.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Women made up 9.15% of the Parliament in 2012.

Comment

Lower: 13.6%;

Upper: 4.7%.

MethodologyConsidering that there should be equal participation of men and women in Parliament, a state that ensures 50% of its parliamentarians are females receives 100%. Otherwise, a state earns a grade that depends on the percentage of female parliamentarians employed by a state on the basis of the expected ratio.

32.0%
Percentage of Women's Participation in Ministerial Positions

CriteriaThere should be equal participation of women and men in ministerial positions.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

16% of ministerial positions were held by women in the Russian Federation in 2012.

Comment

Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.19

MethodologyConsidering that there should be equal participation of men and women in the ministerial positions, a state that ensures 50% of its ministers are females receives 100%. Otherwise, a state earns a grade that depends on the percentage of female ministers employed by a state on the basis of the expected ratio.

40.0%
Percentage of Women's Participation in Law Enforcement

CriteriaThere should be equal participation of women and men in law enforcement
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

20% of law enforcement positions were held by women.

**Note: Data is available for 2012. As per Federal Law # 342-F3 (of 11/30/2011), the data on the number of police officers is not to be disclosed.

Comment

**Note: Data is available for 2012. As per Federal Law # 342-F3 (of 11/30/2011), the data on the number of police officers is not to be disclosed.

MethodologyConsidering that there should be equal participation of men and women in law enforcement, a state that ensures 50% of its law enforcement agents are females receives 100%. Otherwise, a state earns a grade that depends on the percentage of female law enforcement agents employed by a state on the basis of the expected ratio.
Resources

"Women occupy nearly 24% of senior positions in the MIA system of Russia," March 5, 2011, Zaks

69.0%
Percentage of Women's Participation in the Judiciary

CriteriaThere should be equal participation of women and men in the judiciary.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

 62% of judges in the Russian Federation were women. 

Comment

Total Professional Judges:
Female: 62.0%;
Male: 38.0%.

Total General Jurisdiction Judges: 21,043
Female: 11,906;
Male: 9,137.

Supreme Court: 107 judges
Female: 26;
Male: 81.

Commercial Courts: 3,719 judges
Female: 2,506;
Male: 1,213.

Supreme Commercial Court: 56 judges
Female: 30;
Male: 26.

Commercial Cassational Courts: 387 judges
Female: 246;
Male: 141.

Commercial Appellate Courts: 544 judges
Female: 392;
Male: 152.

Commercial Courts of the Federal Entity Level: 2,732 judges
Female: 1,838;
Male: 894.

MethodologyConsidering that there should be equal participation of men and women in the judiciary, a state that ensures 50% of its judges are females receives 100%. Otherwise, a state earns a grade that depends on the percentage of female judges employed by a state on the basis of the expected ratio.

69.0%
Percentage of Women's Participation in the Labour Force

CriteriaWomen should have equal access to employment opportunities.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

 Women's labour participation rate was 69% in the Russian Federation in 2012. 

Comment

Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.91

Unemployment rate (percentage of female/male labour force):
Female: 7%;
Male: 8%.

Estimated earned income (PPP US$):
Female: 16,609;
Male: 26,877;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.62.

Legislators, senior officials, and managers (%):
Female: 37, Male: 63;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.59.

Professional and technical workers (%):
Female: 64, Male: 36;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.80.

MethodologyData collected from the Gender Gap Index (GGI) on the basis of its methodology.

91.8%
Access to Education

CriteriaThere should be equal access to all levels of education.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis

Enrolment in primary education: 93%;

Enrolment in secondary education: 95.31%;

Enrolment in tertiary education: 87%.

Comment

The enrolment difference between males and females is provided below (The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends are considered a reflection of improving coverage at the specified level of education):

Literacy rate (%):
Female: 99;
Male: 100;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.91.

Enrolment in primary education (%):
Female: 93;
Male: 93;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.

Enrolment in secondary education (%):
Female: 95.31;
Male: 96.98.

Enrolment in tertiary education (%):
Female: 87;
Male: 65;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.35.

MethodologyData collected from the Gender Gap Index (GGI) and UNESCO, developed on the basis of their respective methodologies.

51.3%
Protection

66.7%
Presence of Gendered Perspective in Legal Framework

CriteriaGender should be mainstreamed throughout legal framework in accordance with the international law.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis Legal framework in Russia includes the following gender-sensitive laws and constitutional provisions in 2012:
Women and men are guaranteed the rights to vote, to hold public office, and to exercise public functions
Gender perspective incorporated into the constitution
Women and men are guaranteed the right to non-discrimination in education, employment and economic, and social activities
Women and men are guaranteed full equality in civil and business matters
Women and men are guaranteed equal rights and obligations with regard to choice of spouse, parenthood, personal rights, and command over property
Women and men are guaranteed reproductive rights
Women and men are guaranteed equal pay for equal work
Women and men are guaranteed the right to live lives free from violence
Gender sensitive laws and constitutional previsions
Comment

While gender perspecives within the legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.

Gender is mainstreamed into legal framework in accordance with international law.

In 2005, the Parliament Assembly of the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States adopted the Model Law “On State Guarantees of Equality of Rights and Opportunities for Men and Women.”

Although there are some law provisions prohibiting discrimination, they usually do not regulate gender discrimination separately.

General Victim and Witness Protection Law (enacted in 2004 and amended most recently in 2013).

The Russian Federation has no law guaranteeing equal opportunities for men and women in employment or education.

The Russian Federation has not enacted a comprehensive gender equality law, and “neither the Constitution [...] nor other appropriate legislation, contains a definition of discrimination or expressly prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex.

The Russian Federation has no comprehensive law, programmeor action plan to address domestic violence, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs has not updated its domestic violence information since 2008.

No provision in the Russian Criminal Code specifically addresses honour killings.

Russian law prohibits rape and sexual assault and contains no exceptions for rapes committed by spouses or relatives.

Currently domestic violence is not recognised as a separate offence by the Russian Criminal Code. The only applicable criminal provisions are those relating to bodily injuries or other crimes.

Gender perspectives in the Constitution:
Article 19:
- "All people are equal before the law and in the court of law";
- "The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden";
- "Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities for their pursuit".


Article 19 of the Russian Constitution guarantees equality between women and men. However, the Russian Federation has not enacted a comprehensive gender equality law, and “neither the Constitution . . . nor other appropriate legislation, contains a definition of discrimination or expressly prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex.”

Article 20:
Requires the state to prosecute cases of private-public prosecution even if a victim withdraws her complaint, although prosecutors generally refuse to pursue an investigation or open a criminal case against the accused if the victim quickly recants.

Article 21:
- "No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent".

Article 24:
- "It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the private life of any person without his/her consent".
- "The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law".

Article 34:
- "Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property 622 for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the law".

Article 35:
- "Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to possess, use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons".
- "No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation".

Article 37:
- "Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation".

Article 42:
- "Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for the damage caused to his or her health or property by ecological violations".

Article 45:
- "State protection for human rights and liberties in the Russian Federation is guaranteed".
- "Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any means not prohibited by the law".

Article 46:
- "Everyone is guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties in a court of law".

Article 47:
- "No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the law".
- "Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed by a court of law with the participation of jurors in cases stipulated by the federal law".

Article 51:
- "No one is obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his or her spouse and close relatives, the range of which are established by the federal law".

Article 62:
- "Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the Russian Federation does not belittle his or her ranks and liberties or exempt him or her from the duties stemming from Russian citizenship unless otherwise stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation".

Criminal Code:

Article 127.1:
Punishes the purchase and sale or recruitment, transportation, transfer, or receipt of any person for the purpose of exploitation.

Article 127.2:
Specifically prohibits “Slave Labour."

Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Criminalizes rape, with harsher sentences for cases involving a juvenile victim, multiple rapists or the victim’s death.

Article 132:
Punishes other forms of sexual assault under the title “Violent Actions of Sexual Character."

Methodology8 - 100%
7 - 87.5%
6 - 75%
5 - 62.5%
4 - 50%
3 - 37.5%
2 - 25%
1 - 12.5%
0 - 0%

Necessary legal framework is determined in accordance with the principles of the core human rights treaties (i.e.: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)).

28.6%
Access to Justice

CriteriaWomen's unrestricted access to justice exists.
Analysis/Comments
Analysis The following protections are guaranteed by Russia in 2012:
Equal access to formal legal dispute systems and the right to legal representation
Non-discrimination law
Existence of courts and judicial bodies
Financial affordability of access to legal proceedings and/or legal aid
Free access to an interpreter during legal proceedings
Victim protection
Existence of gender units within justice institutions
Comment

While legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.

In the Russian Federation, since 2004, due to amendments to the Criminal Code, women prisoners no longer serve sentences in high-security regimes.

In the Russian Federation, federal legislation allows for mothers of children under the age of 14 and pregnant women who have been convicted of less serious offences to have their sentences deferred, shortened or revoked. Female prisoners who are pregnant or who have young children and who are imprisoned for less serious offences may have their sentences deferred until their children have reached the age of 14.

In two mother and baby units out of the 13 which exist in the Russian Federation, convicted women prisoners live in joint accommodation with their babies and may do so until the baby reaches the age of three (with some flexibility if the mother is due for release within a year). After this the child goes into the care of family members or the appropriate welfare authorities. However, upon release women who wish to be reunited with their children face barriers as they are required to prove that they can provide financial support and accommodation.

In the Russian Federation, the right to free legal aid is reinforced by the Constitution, but it is a well-known fact that the service is not as widely available as it ought to be

According to ANNA (umbrella civil society organisation), the Russian Federation has “no established system of assistance to victims.”

In 2012, the working group of the Russian Ministry of Labour and Social Protection’s Coordination Council for Gender Issues developed a draught federal law ‘On the prevention of family-domestic violence’. The working group was composed of lawyers who practice in the sphere of women’s rights defense and representatives of women’s NGOs, including the authors of this report. The draft law itself was praised by Russian civil society represented in the bodies of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and the Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights. Still, to this day, this draught law has not been passed – more than two years have elapsed since an overwhelming agreement on its provisions was established in the ministries and departments of the Government of the Russian Federation.

MethodologyThe necessary protections represent the CEDAW standard on women's access to justice.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%"

50.0%
Protections Against Human Trafficking

CriteriaA state should be in compliance with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 is in:
Complete compliance with the minimum standards
Partial compliance with the minimum standards
Non-compliance with the minimum standards
Comment

The Government of the Russian Federation does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. The government has not shown evidence of increasing efforts to address human trafficking compared to the previous years; therefore, the Russian Federation is placed on Tier 2 Watch List for a ninth consecutive year. 

MethodologyAdherence is measured in accordance with the “Palermo Protocols” and grading system developed by the US state Department’s annual report on trafficking in persons.
Full compliance: 100%
Partial Compliance: 50%
Non-Compliance: 0%

60.0%
Protections Against Sexual Violence.

CriteriaA state should be in compliance with minimum standards for the elimination of sexual violence.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 has the following services in place:
Existence of a law against sexual violence
Governmental efforts to eliminate sexual violence nationally
Existence of a national crisis hotline
Existence of women's shelters
Existence of women's rape crisis centres
Comment

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

A systemic approach to protecting against sexual violence does not exist at the government level.

Number of women's shelters: 41.

MethodologyThe standard is derived from the CEDAW and Istanbul Convention.
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%

36.2%
Recovery Support

40.0%
Implementation of Dedicated Programmes Serving the Needs of Veterans

CriteriaDedicated programmes for female veterans should be in place.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 provides the following services:
Female veterans affairs offices exist in urban and rural areas
Economic benefits (i.e. disability, housing) exist
Health service benefits (i.e. free veterans health insurance, gender-sensitive PTSD care) exist
Educational benefits exist
Employment services exist
Comment

While veterans services for women veterans exist, the quality of service, outreach to engage female veterans in service access and utalisation, and the availability of gender-sensitive services at all locations are not fully effective.

Federal Law "On Veterans" (1995) states veterans are provided with the following social support:
- Pensions, allowances in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- Monthly payments;
- Provision of accommodation;
- Compensation for payment of premises and utilities costs;
- Health care and orthopedic care.

The Federal Law "On Veterans" is not gender sensitive, although it provides regulations on services and other rights awarded to military veterans, which would include women since the serve in the military alongside men in many areas.

All-Russian public organisation of veterans (pensioners) of war, labour, armed forces and law enforcement agencies:
- Protection of civil, social, economic, labour veterans and personal rights;
- Improving the material conditions, medical and consumer veterans services;
- Legal assistance to veterans and their families;
- Patriotic education of youth;
- Military-historical work.

To receive a pension and other state services as a "Veteran of labour", a person must have been a minor during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and have at least 40 years (for men) and 35 years (for women) of work experience.

MethodologyThe standard is determined in line with the international concept of the responsibility to protect. A state receives a full point only when it is in full compliance with the determined obligation.
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%

33.3%
Implementation of Dedicated Programmes to Support Survivors of Sexual Violence

CriteriaDedicated programmes for survivors of sexual violence should be in place.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 provides the following services:
National crisis hotline
Women's shelters
Women's rape crisis centres
Counseling services
National sex-offender list or website
Support groups for victims/survivors
Comment

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

Services are technically in place, but are drastically inadequate to meet national demands.

1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline;

41 women’s shelters with approximately 400 shelter places available;

19 women’s crisis centres providing telephone and walk-in counseling services and self-help groups operated by NGOs and the National centre for the Prevention of Violence;

1 women’s centre for survivors of sexual violence;

Based on Council of Europe taskforce recommendations, approximately 381 women’s rape crisis centres are needed in russia. Thus, 380 centres are still missing and a result, the Russian Federation fails to meet the Council of Europe recommendations.

National Registry (Genome):
With regard to crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, in which genomic registration will be carried out regardless of their severity, the special place these crimes aside due to the fact that the efficiency of the utilisation of genetic surveys for their disclosure is greatest. It was proved that "the formation of the genetic characteristics database advisable to start, especially in cases of sexual offenses, in the presence of the material and technical conditions for extending its scope and covering other serious crimes against the person". This makes it possible in some cases to use a genetic database and when none of the genotypes in the database are to be forensic matches registration data entities received.

In 2012, during its review of the Russian Federation, the U.N. Committee on Torture stated:

Despite consistent reports of numerous allegations of many forms of violence against women throughout the State party, the Committee is concerned that there are only a small number of complaints, investigations and prosecutions of acts of domestic violence and violence against women. It is also concerned about reports that law enforcement officers are unwilling to register claims of domestic violence, and that women who seek criminal investigations of allegations of domestic violence are compelled to participate in reconciliation processes.

MethodologyThe standard is determined in line with the CEDAW, Istanbul Convention and Beijing Platform for Action. A state receives a full point only when it is in full compliance with the determined obligation.
6 - 100%
5 - 83%
4 - 66%
3 - 49%
2 - 32%
1 - 15%
0 - 0%.

14.3%
Implementation of Dedicated Programmes to Support Survivors of Human Trafficking

CriteriaDedicated programmes for urvivors of human trafficking should be in place.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 provides the following services:
Human trafficking hotline
Human trafficking shelter
Basic necessities (food, clothing, housing, etc.)
Health services
Legal services
Job training programmes
Educational services
Comment

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of human trafficking exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective.  

Most financial support for anti-trafficking efforts are provided from international entities, and the vast majority or anti-human trafficking efforts are conducted by national NGOs (namely the Angel Coalition - who's website is currently unavailable). While anti-human trafficking services and resources do exist, they are inadequate to fully meet the needs of victims of human trafficking.

The Russian government demonstrated very limited efforts to protect and assist victims during the reporting period. The government also showed inadequate efforts to identify victims; the majority of assisted victims continued to be identified by NGOs or international organisations. Some municipalities across the Russian Federation had cooperation agreements between NGOs and local authorities to refer victims for assistance, though there was no national policy or system of victim referrals. In November 2009, the government failed to allocate funding to prevent the closure of the IOM-run shelter and rehabilitation centre in Moscow, creating a significant void in the availability of medical, rehabilitative, and reintegration services for trafficking victims. The Russian government continued to lack national policies and national programmes to provide specific assistance for trafficking victims. The majority of aid to NGOs and international organisations providing victim assistance continued to be funded by international donors. Some local governments reportedly provided in-kind and modest financial support to some anti-trafficking NGOs. A local government in the Russian Far East provided facility space and modest funding amounting to approximately $3,732 for utilities for a shelter for victims of domestic violence and trafficking that opened in February 2009, although the majority of the shelter’s operation costs were funded by a foreign donor during the reporting period. The shelter did not receive adequate funding during the entire reporting period to consistently assist victims of trafficking.

Many municipal trafficking shelters are actually domestic violence shelters and therefore are not equipped with the specific resources and knowledge to effectively address the needs to trafficking victims.

The Angel Coalition programmes and projects appear to be the main source for training on human trafficking in the Russian Federation, prevention, protection, and identification of trafficked persons.

The Angel Coalition operates international hotlines to provide immediate assistance to Russian-speaking trafficking victims. Skilled experts provide free 24-hour legal and psychological consultations for victims and their families, offer recommendations, and provide other necessary help including contacts with police trafficking task forces who can provide immediate rescue assistance in countries around the world. The hotline is toll-free and operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

MethodologyThe standard is determined in line with Palermo Protocol and Beijing Platform for Action. A state receives a full point only when it is in full compliance with the determined obligation.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%

57.1%
Implementation Dedicated Programmes to Support Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

CriteriaDedicated programmes for refugees, asylum seekers, and IDPs should be in place.
Analysis/Comments
AnalysisRussia in 2012 provides the following services:
State refugee/IDP strategy exists
Basic necessities (food, clothing, housing, etc.) are provided
Health services are available
Legal services are available
Job training programmes are available
Educational services are available
Community engagement/integration programmes are available
Comment

While a wide range of services and resources are made available to refugees, asylum seekers, and IDPs, these services are usually provided by local service providers, therefore making these services and resources less available in some geographic locations.

Total population of refugees, stateless persons, IDPs, and asylum-seekers: 191,101.

Migrants who receive legal status in the Russian Federation are entitled to receive the same social and medical benefits as Russian nationals. They are resettled within the country according to regional quotas defined by the federal government, are limited in selecting places of residence, and have their travels inside the Russian Federation monitored by the authorities.

Persons recognised as refugees, including accompanying family members, are entitled to the following rights (via Federal Law No. 45-281 of Feb. 19, 1993 on Refugees):
- Information about their rights and responsibilities through translation services if required, including assistance with document processing;
- A travel allowance and baggage shipment to their assigned place of residence;
- Protection by the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the place of temporary accommodation to ensure their safety;
- Food and public utilities in the centres of temporary accommodation;
- Access to housing paid from a special fund for temporary accommodation;
- Medical assistance in an amount equal to that received by Russian citizens;
- Vocational training and job placement assistance;
- Employment or the opportunity to establish their own business;
- Social protection and social security;
- Participation in public activities.

Specific gender-related data on refugees, IDPs, and asylum seekers unavailable.

MethodologyThe standard is determined in line with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) recommendations. A state receives a full point only when it is in full compliance with the determined obligation.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%